Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the "Available Means" p.1-35
Vocabulary
Aristotelian triangle logos refutation text
audience occasion rhetoric
concession pathos rhetorical appeals
connotation persona Rhetorical triangle
context polemic SOAPS
counterargument propaganda speaker
ethos purpose subject
audience occasion rhetoric
concession pathos rhetorical appeals
connotation persona Rhetorical triangle
context polemic SOAPS
counterargument propaganda speaker
ethos purpose subject
Aristotle
Rhetoric
Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing, in any given case, the available means of persuasion. This is not a function of any other art. Rhetoric we look upon as the power of observing the means of persuasion on almost any subject presented to us; and that is why we say that, in its technical character, it is not concerned with any special or definite class of subjects.
Scholarly Definitions of Rhetoric
Plato: [Rhetoric] is the "art of enchanting the soul." (The art of winning the soul by discourse.)
Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
Cicero: "Rhetoric is one great art comprised of five lesser arts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronunciatio." Rhetoric is "speech designed to persuade."
Quintilian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well" or "...good man speaking well."
Francis Bacon: The duty and office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will.
George Campbell: "[Rhetoric] is that art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end. The four ends of discourse are to enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passion, and influence the will."
Henry Ward Beecher: “Not until human nature is other than what it is, will the function of the living voice-the greatest force on earth among men-cease...I advocate, therefore, in its full extent, and for every reason of humanity, of patriotism, and of religion, a more thorough culture of oratory and I define oratory to be the art of influencing conduct with the truth set home by all the resources of the living man.”
I. A. Richards: Rhetoric is the study of misunderstandings and their remedies.
Richard Weaver: Rhetoric is that "which creates an informed appetition for the good."
Erika Lindemann: "Rhetoric is a form of reasoning about probabilities, based on assumptions people share as members of a community."
Philip Johnson: "Rhetoric is the art of framing an argument so that it can be appreciated by an audience."
Andrea Lunsford: "Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication."
Kenneth Burke: "The most characteristic concern of rhetoric [is] the manipulation of men's beliefs for political ends....the basic function of rhetoric [is] the use of words by human agents to form attitudes or to induce actions in other human agents."
Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing, in any given case, the available means of persuasion. This is not a function of any other art. Rhetoric we look upon as the power of observing the means of persuasion on almost any subject presented to us; and that is why we say that, in its technical character, it is not concerned with any special or definite class of subjects.
Scholarly Definitions of Rhetoric
Plato: [Rhetoric] is the "art of enchanting the soul." (The art of winning the soul by discourse.)
Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
Cicero: "Rhetoric is one great art comprised of five lesser arts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronunciatio." Rhetoric is "speech designed to persuade."
Quintilian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well" or "...good man speaking well."
Francis Bacon: The duty and office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will.
George Campbell: "[Rhetoric] is that art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end. The four ends of discourse are to enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passion, and influence the will."
Henry Ward Beecher: “Not until human nature is other than what it is, will the function of the living voice-the greatest force on earth among men-cease...I advocate, therefore, in its full extent, and for every reason of humanity, of patriotism, and of religion, a more thorough culture of oratory and I define oratory to be the art of influencing conduct with the truth set home by all the resources of the living man.”
I. A. Richards: Rhetoric is the study of misunderstandings and their remedies.
Richard Weaver: Rhetoric is that "which creates an informed appetition for the good."
Erika Lindemann: "Rhetoric is a form of reasoning about probabilities, based on assumptions people share as members of a community."
Philip Johnson: "Rhetoric is the art of framing an argument so that it can be appreciated by an audience."
Andrea Lunsford: "Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication."
Kenneth Burke: "The most characteristic concern of rhetoric [is] the manipulation of men's beliefs for political ends....the basic function of rhetoric [is] the use of words by human agents to form attitudes or to induce actions in other human agents."
Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech
www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/gehrilo01.shtml
www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
SOAPS (Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose and Speaker)
Albert Einstein
( 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics(alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "services to theoretical physics", in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius".
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius".
Einstein's letter to a young girl (1922)
www.brainpickings.org/2013/07/11/do-scientists-pray-einstein-letter-science-religion/
Appeals to Ethos, Logos and Pathos
Aristotle’s "ingredients for persuasion" – otherwise known as "appeals" – are known by the names of ethos, pathos, and logos. They are all means of persuading others to take a particular point of view.
ETHOS
Questions for Discussion:
- What kind of image do you want to project to your audience?
- What can you do to help project this image?
- What words or ideas do you want to avoid in order not to harm your image?
- What effect do misspelled words and grammatical errors have on your image?
Automatic Ethos
King George VI- The King's Speech- Sept. 3, 1939
Building Ethos
J.D. Vance-from Hillbilly Elegy
Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis is a memoir by J. D. Vance about the Appalachian values of his Kentucky family and their relation to the social problems of his hometown of Middletown, Ohio, where his mother's parents moved when they were young.
Logos
Questions for Discussion:
- Imagine some arguments that start from faulty assumptions, such as "If pigs could fly," or "If money grew on trees." What would be some of the logical consequences?
- Do you think that logical arguments are a better support for a position than arguments that are based on authority or character? In other words, would you support a policy just because a celebrity or an important expert supported it?
- Can you think of a time when you successfully used a logical argument to persuade someone of something? What was it?
+COUNTERARGUMENT
+CONCESSION
+REFUTATION
+CONCESSION
+REFUTATION
Conceding and Refuting
Alice Waters-from Slow Food Nation
www.pbs.org/newshour/show/alice-waters-teaches-slow-food-values-fast-food-world
Pathos
Questions for Discussion:
- Can you think of an advertisement for a product or a political campaign that uses your emotions to persuade you to believe something? Describe it, and analyze how it works.
- When do you think it is unfair or deceptive to try to use emotions to persuade people?
- Have you ever made a decision based on your feelings that you regretted later?
- Did emotions ever serve you well in making a decision?
Richard Nixon-from The Checkers Speech
Combining Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Benjamin Banneker-from Letter to Thomas Jefferson
founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049
Identifying Rhetorical Appeals
Tom Toles-Rosa Parks (cartoon)
Nate Beeler-Government is Watching (cartoon)
Taking Rhetorical Risks
Anne Applebaum-If the Japanese Can't Build a Safe Reactor, Who Can?
www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/if-the-japanese-cant-build-a-safe-reactor-who-can/2011/03/14/ABCJvuV_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.df3ad30a4268
Humorous and Satirical Rhetoric
Alexandra Petri-Barbie is Past Saving
www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/compost/wp/2016/01/28/barbie-is-past-saving/?utm_term=.dbfb6d255435
Broti Gupta-The Rules of United Airlines Flight or Fight Club
www.newyorker.com/humor/daily-shouts/the-rules-of-united-airlines-fight-or-flight-club
Rolling Stone Magazine-The Bomber (magazine cover)
Culminating Activity
Helen Keller-Letter to Mark Twain
braillebug.org/hktwain.asp
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